El modelo Precede-Procede: un marco contextual para la salud comunitaria en entornos educativos / O modelo Precede-Proceeds: um quadro contextual para a saúde comunitária em ambientes educativos / The Precede-Procede-Model: a contextual framework for community health in educational settings

Educational communities have the potential to project themselves as transforming niches of living conditions around the identification of health needs and the search for alternatives to solve them. Withinthe framework of the Master's in Public Health at the Universidad de La Sabana, progress has been made in strategies to generate this link, through support in the formulation of a community health program in an educational environment, based on the adaptation of the model PrecedeProcede, a method to plan, conduct and evaluate health education interventions. Taking into account the above, the objective of this article is to reflect on the contributions of the model for the formulation of community health programs in educational settings, regarding primary health care and the policies of healthy educational settings, considering that they are referents regulations in the Colombian territory. In summary, this model is considered a favorable option for the formulation of health programs in the educational context because it privileges community participation, addresses contextualized problems and gives the possibility for students to integrate from an early age and educational communities to become social managers of their own health.(AU)

Las comunidades educativas tienen el potencial de proyectarse como nichos transformadores de las condiciones de vida en torno a la identificación de las necesidades en salud y la búsqueda de alternativas para resolverlas. En el marco de la maestría en Salud Pública de la Universidad de La Sabana se ha avanzado en estrategias para generar este vínculo, a través del acompañamiento en la formulación de un programa de salud comunitaria en un entorno educativo, basados en la adaptación del modelo Precede-Procede, un método para planear, conducir y evaluar intervenciones de educación para la salud. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, el objetivo de este artículo es reflexionar sobre los aportes del modelo para la formulación de programas de salud comunitaria en entornos educativos, a propósito de la atención primaria de salud y las políticas de entornos educativos saludables, considerando que son referentes normativos en el territorio colombiano. En síntesis, dicho modelo se considera una opción favorable para la formulación de programas de salud en el contexto educativo porque privilegia la participación comunitaria, aborda problemáticas contextualizadas y da la posibilidad para que desde edades tempranas se integren estudiantes y las comunidades educativas se constituyan como gestoras sociales de su propia salud.(AU)

As comunidades educativas têm potencial para se projetarem como nichos transformadores das condições de vida em torno da identificação das necessidades de saúde e da busca de alternativas para solucionálas. No âmbito do Mestrado em Saúde Pública da Universidad de La Sabana, avançou-se nas estratégias para gerar este vínculo, através do apoio na formulação de um programa de saúde comunitária em ambiente educativo, baseado na adaptação do modelo Precede -Proceder, um método para planejar, conduzir e avaliar intervenções de educação em saúde. Levando em conta o exposto, o objetivo deste artigo é refletir sobre as contribuições do modelo para a formulação de programas de saúde comunitária em ambientes educativos, no que diz respeito à atenção primária à saúde e às políticas de ambientes educativos saudáveis, considerando que são normas de referência em território colombiano. Em síntese, esse modelo é considerado uma opção favorável para a formulação de programas de saúde no contexto educacional, pois privilegia a participação da comunidade, aborda problemas contextualizados e dá a possibilidade de os alunos se integrarem desde cedo e comunidades educativas em formação gestores sociais de sua própria saúde.(AU)

Inteligencia emocional y su importancia en el proceso formativo de especialidades médico-quirúrgicas / Emotional Intelligence and its Importance on the Training Process as within Medical-Surgical Specialties

Introducción: La inteligencia emocional es una habilidad blanda, definida como la capacidad de reconocer las emociones propias y ajenas para gestionarlas frente a otros de manera adecuada. Este tipo de inteligencia se relaciona con competencias y aptitudes humanas en diferentes áreas sociales, académicas y de trabajo. Objetivo: Describir el papel de la inteligencia emocional en la práctica clínica de los residentes médicos, como marco de referencia para su aplicación en la educación teórico-práctica y la realización de futuras investigaciones. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura en las bases de datos PubMed, LILACS y Google Scholar. Se emplearon operadores lógicos mediante distintas combinaciones: MeSH: Emotional Intelligence, Medical Residencies, Education, Medical, Education, Medical, Graduate; y DeCS: Inteligencia Emocional, Residencia Médica, Educación Médica, Educación de Postgrado en Medicina. La búsqueda se limitó por año, idioma y acceso libre, teniendo en cuenta criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Se obtuvieron 279 resultados, de los cuales fueron seleccionados 26 para ser incluidos en la revisión y síntesis de los resultados. Resultados: Los resultados se organizaron según su relación con la inteligencia emocional en: medición en residentes médico-quirúrgicos, niveles de estrés y burnout, empatía en la relación médico-paciente, desempeño académico, bienestar y satisfacción laboral. Conclusiones: La inteligencia emocional en los residentes médico-quirúrgicos se ha relacionado con menores niveles de estrés y burnout, comunicación asertiva, mayor empatía con los pacientes y calidad en la atención médica; además, con elevado rendimiento académico, mejores habilidades de enseñanza, liderazgo y motivación; y, finalmente, con mejor bienestar psicológico, satisfacción laboral y rendimiento clínico(AU)

Introduction: Emotional intelligence is a soft skill, defined as the ability to recognize one's own and others' emotions in view of managing them in front of others adequately. This type of intelligence is related to human competences and skills in different social, academic and occupational areas. Objective: To describe the role of emotional intelligence in the clinical practice of medical residents, as a frame of reference for its application in theoretical-practical education and the development of future research. Methods: A literature review was carried out in the PubMed, LILACS and Google Scholar databases. Logical operators were used by means of different combinations from the Medical Subject Headings: Emotional Intelligence, Medical Residencies, Education, Medical, Education, Medical, Graduate. The following combinations from the Health Sciences Descriptors were also used: "Inteligencia Emocional [emotional Intelligence], Residencia Médica [medical residence], Educación Médica [medical education], Educación de Postgrado en Medicina [postgraduate education in Medicine]. The search was limited by year, language and free access, taking into account inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 279 results were obtained, of which 26 were selected to be included in the review and synthesis. Results: The results were organized, according to their relationship with emotional intelligence, in measurement in medical-surgical residents, levels of stress and burnout, empathy in the doctor-patient relationship, academic performance, well-being, and job satisfaction. Conclusions: Emotional intelligence in medical-surgical residents has been related to lower levels of stress and burnout, assertive communication, greater empathy with patients, and quality in medical care; furthermore, with high academic performance, better skills for teaching, leadership and motivation; and, finally, with better psychological well-being, job satisfaction and clinical performance(AU)

Pruebas de Estado de Educación Superior y Educación Médica en Colombia / State Tests for Higher Education and Medical Education in Colombia

Introducción: En Colombia, las pruebas de Estado para la evaluación de la calidad de los programas de educación superior (Saber Pro) tienen por objeto evaluar los conocimientos y capacidades profesionales de todos los estudiantes que han cumplido la mayoría de los créditos en sus programas académicos. Adicionalmente, estas pruebas son un requisito complementario al internado rotatorio para graduarse como profesional en medicina. Sin embargo, existen cuestionamientos relacionados con su utilidad en el ejercicio laboral y la articulación de estas pruebas con la formación médica. Objetivo: Establecer la coherencia entre la prueba Saber Pro y la educación médica. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión narrativa, mediante la búsqueda en PubMed, Ovid, Elsevier, SciELO y la normativa del contexto colombiano. Resultados: De acuerdo con la búsqueda realizada, existe un número considerable de artículos que soportan la aplicación de esta prueba, fundamentados en resultados cualitativos que se relacionan con la adaptación de instrumentos de evaluación médica. Asimismo, algunas fuentes muestran la influencia que pueden tener las competencias evaluadas con indicadores de salud y otros aspectos del contexto nacional. Conclusiones: Pese al número limitado de estudios que permitan dar conclusiones de carácter cuantitativo, existe evidencia sobre la utilidad y coherencia de la Prueba de Estado en el contexto nacional, de igual forma, se establece que la prueba Saber Pro puede garantizar estándares de calidad en los programas de educación superior y, con el paso del tiempo, ha contribuido al desarrollo de recomendaciones para la transformación de la educación médica en Colombia(AU)

Introduction: In Colombia, the state tests for evaluating the quality of higher education programs (Saber Pro) are intended to evaluate the professional knowledge and skills of all students who have completed the majority of credits in their academic programs. Additionally, these tests are a complementary requirement before the rotation internship for graduating as a medical professional. However, there are questions related to their usefulness in the occupational practice and the articulation of these tests with the medical training. Objective: To establish the coherence between the Saber Pro tests and medical education. Methods: A narrative review was carried out by means of a search in PubMed, Ovid, Elsevier, SciELO and the regulations of the Colombian context. Results: According to the search carried out, there is a considerable number of articles that support the application of this test, based on qualitative results related to the adaptation of medical evaluation instruments. Likewise, some sources show the influence that the assessed competences may have, by means of health indicators and other aspects of the national context. Conclusions: Despite the limited number of studies that allow provide quantitative conclusions, there is evidence on the usefulness and coherence of the state test in the national context; likewise, the Saber Pro test is concluded to be able to guarantee quality standards in higher education programs and, with the passage of time, has contributed to the development of recommendations for the transformation of medical education in Colombia(AU)

Telemedicina en pediatría para el manejo de enfermedades crónicas y de grupos vulnerables / Telemedicine in Pediatrics for Managing Chronic Diseases and Vulnerable Groups

Introducción: La telemedicina es una herramienta para los servicios de atención en pediatría, ya que permite el seguimiento de los pacientes pediátricos en el manejo de enfermedades crónicas y de grupos vulnerables; disminuye los costos y mejora el acceso a los servicios de salud. Objetivo: Explorar, por medio de una revisión sistemática de la literatura, la efectividad de la teleconsulta en el manejo de enfermedades crónicas y grupos vulnerables en la población pediátrica. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura, utilizando los términos MESH pediatrics AND telehealth AND primary care AND control care en las bases Medline PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, Science Direct. Se incluyeron metaanálisis, revisiones sistemáticas, experimentos clínicos controlados, estudios de cohortes, casos y controles, realizados desde 1998 hasta julio de 2021. Se obtuvieron 54 estudios para la revisión final. Resultados: Los principales resultados de la búsqueda arrojaron beneficios a nivel del control de enfermedades crónicas, control posterior al egreso de la unidad de cuidado intensivo, poscirugía pediátrica, cuidado paliativo, enfermedades mentales, acceso a los servicios de salud de población proveniente de regiones apartadas. Se encontró un beneficio para prevenir las visitas al servicio de urgencias. Conclusiones: La telemedicina tiene una diversidad de utilidades e intervenciones como herramienta de la salud. Se ha encontrado evidencia científica robusta para la atención de enfermedades crónicas y/o seguimiento en pediatría. Asimismo, la prestación de servicios en la modalidad de telemedicina en pediatría debe incluirse en los procesos de atención y guías de práctica clínica de la especialidad(AU)

Introduction: Telemedicine is a tool for pediatric care services, since it allows monitoring of pediatric patients in the management of chronic diseases and vulnerable groups; lowers costs and improves access to health services. Objective: To explore, through a systematic review of the literature, the effectiveness of teleconsultation in the management of chronic diseases and vulnerable groups in the pediatric population. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was carried out, using the MESH terms pediatrics AND telehealth AND primary care AND control care in Medline PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, Science Direct databases. Meta-analyses, systematic reviews, controlled clinical trials, cohort, case-control studies, conducted from 1998 to July 2021, were included. Fifty-four studies were obtained for the final review. Results: The main results of the search showed benefits at the level of chronic disease control, control after discharge from the intensive care unit, pediatric post-surgery, palliative care, mental illness, access to health services for populations from remote regions. A benefit was found in preventing visits to the Emergency Department. Conclusions: Telemedicine has a diversity of utilities and interventions as a health tool. Robust scientific evidence has been found for the care of chronic diseases and/or follow-up in pediatrics. Likewise, the provision of services in the telemedicine modality in pediatrics should be included in the care processes and clinical practice guidelines of the specialty(AU)

[Public Resistance to Vaccination During Epidemics: The Example of COVID-19Resistência da população à vacinação em tempos de epidemias: sobre a COVID-19]. / Resistencia de la población hacia la vacunación en época de epidemias: a propósito de la COVID-19.

Objective: This article presents the findings of a review of the literature on public resistance to vaccines and the main factors that have influenced their decisions about immunoprevention, with a focus on the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We searched the literature using the terms DeCs/MeSH, anti-vaccination movement, vaccination refusal, epidemics, COVID-19, and impacts on health, using the Boolean operators OR and AND in Google Scholar, Medline, Lilacs, and Ibecs. Documents from official sources were also considered. Results: Throughout history, since vaccination began, people have had controversial perceptions of the procedure: some accept what the health authorities recommend, and others allege hidden intentions behind immunization. The COVID-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 has been no exception. Conclusions: Vaccination has been one of the greatest scientific achievements in public health. However, despite its benefits, it has raised fear, uncertainty, and suspicion in the population. For this reason, it is important to increase health education actions in the population-with clear, concise, understandable information that is based on reliable and truthful sources-in order to reduce resistance to vaccination and address preventable diseases.

Objetivo: Este artigo busca apresentar os achados de uma revisão da literatura sobre a resistência da população às vacinas e os principais motivos que influenciaram suas decisões em relação à imunoprevenção, com foco na pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos: Foi realizada uma busca na literatura utilizando os termos DeCs/MeSH anti-vaccination movement, vaccination refusal, epidemics, COVID-19 e impacts on health, relacionados entre si pelos operadores booleanos OR e AND, no Google Scholar, MEDLINE, LILACS e IBECS. Documentos de fontes oficiais também foram levados em consideração. Resultados: Ao longo da história, desde o início da vacinação, a percepção das pessoas em relação a esse procedimento foi controversa. Há quem aceite o que as autoridades de saúde recomendam e quem alegue intenções ocultas por trás da imunização. A vacina contra o SARS-CoV-2, que causa a COVID-19, não foi exceção. Conclusões: A vacinação tem sido uma das maiores conquistas científicas em termos de saúde pública ­ um avanço que, apesar de seus benefícios, tem causado medo, incerteza e desconfiança na população. Por isso, é importante aumentar as ações de educação em saúde para a população, com informações claras, concisas e compreensíveis, baseadas em fontes confiáveis e verídicas, a fim de diminuir a resistência à vacinação e evitar doenças preveníveis.

Resistencia de la población hacia la vacunación en época de epidemias: a propósito de la COVID-19

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. El presente artículo busca exponer los hallazgos de una revisión de la literatura sobre la resistencia de la población frente a las vacunas y las principales razones que han influido en sus decisiones hacia a la inmunoprevención, con foco en la pandemia de la COVID-19. Métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda en la literatura utilizando los términos DeCs/MeSH, Anti-Vaccination Movement, Vaccination refusal, Epidemics, COVID-19, Impacts on health, relacionados entre ellos por los operadores booleanos OR y AND en Google Scholar, Medline, Lilacs e Ibecs; también se tuvieron en cuenta documentos de fuentes oficiales. Resultados. A lo largo de la historia, desde el inicio de la vacunación, la percepción de las personas hacia este procedimiento ha sido controversial, hay quienes aceptan lo que las autoridades sanitarias recomiendan y quienes alegan intenciones ocultas detrás de la inmunización; la vacuna contra el SARS-CoV-2 causante de la COVID-19 no ha sido la excepción. Conclusiones. La vacunación ha sido uno de los mayores logros científicos en términos de salud pública, un avance que, a pesar de sus beneficios, ha causado miedo, incertidumbre y suspicacias en la población. Por esta razón, resulta importante incrementar las acciones de educación para la salud en la población, con infor- mación clara, concisa y comprensible, y sustentada en fuentes confiables y verídicas, con el fin de disminuir la resistencia a la vacunación y evitar las enfermedades prevenibles.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. This article presents the findings of a review of the literature on public resistance to vaccines and the main factors that have influenced their decisions about immunoprevention, with a focus on the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. We searched the literature using the terms DeCs/MeSH, anti-vaccination movement, vaccination refusal, epidemics, COVID-19, and impacts on health, using the Boolean operators OR and AND in Google Scholar, Medline, Lilacs, and Ibecs. Documents from official sources were also considered. Results. Throughout history, since vaccination began, people have had controversial perceptions of the pro- cedure: some accept what the health authorities recommend, and others allege hidden intentions behind immunization. The COVID-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 has been no exception. Conclusions. Vaccination has been one of the greatest scientific achievements in public health. However, despite its benefits, it has raised fear, uncertainty, and suspicion in the population. For this reason, it is import- ant to increase health education actions in the population—with clear, concise, understandable information that is based on reliable and truthful sources—in order to reduce resistance to vaccination and address pre- ventable diseases.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Este artigo busca apresentar os achados de uma revisão da literatura sobre a resistência da popu- lação às vacinas e os principais motivos que influenciaram suas decisões em relação à imunoprevenção, com foco na pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos. Foi realizada uma busca na literatura utilizando os termos DeCs/MeSH anti-vaccination movement, vaccination refusal, epidemics, COVID-19 e impacts on health, relacionados entre si pelos operadores bool- eanos OR e AND, no Google Scholar, MEDLINE, LILACS e IBECS. Documentos de fontes oficiais também foram levados em consideração. Resultados. Ao longo da história, desde o início da vacinação, a percepção das pessoas em relação a esse procedimento foi controversa. Há quem aceite o que as autoridades de saúde recomendam e quem alegue intenções ocultas por trás da imunização. A vacina contra o SARS-CoV-2, que causa a COVID-19, não foi exceção. Conclusões. A vacinação tem sido uma das maiores conquistas científicas em termos de saúde pública um avanço que, apesar de seus benefícios, tem causado medo, incerteza e desconfiança na população. Por isso, é importante aumentar as ações de educação em saúde para a população, com informações claras, concisas e compreensíveis, baseadas em fontes confiáveis e verídicas, a fim de diminuir a resistência à vacinação e evitar doenças preveníveis.

[Permanent professional development in health through the Virtual Campus for Public Health in Colombia (2012-2019)Desenvolvimento profissional permanente em saúde por meio do Campus Virtual de Saúde Pública na Colômbia (2012-2019)]. / Desarrollo profesional permanente en salud por intermedio del Campus Virtual de Salud Pública en Colombia (2012-2019).

Objective: Reconstruct the experience of the Virtual Campus for Public Health (VCPH) from 2012 to 2019 in Colombia. Methods: The experience of public health training through the VCPH in Colombia in the period 2012-2019 was systematized. The information is presented in cross-section time series to show the evolution of the VCPH in Colombia over time. Results: A total of 2 627 health professionals took tutored courses and 34 012 followed self-learning courses on relevant, up-to-date, priority public health issues. An important aspect was the opportunity to access remote regions through VCPH training processes that were cost-free for end users. The experience highlights the relevance of the VCPH in reducing the gap in updated human talent in the health field through virtual education with diversity in its modalities and content. Conclusions: Reconstruction of the experience in Colombia showed how the VCPH evolved and strengthened to offer quality training processes that respond to the country's problems and needs. Collaborative work between universities and the Pan American Health Organization resulted in consolidation of the VCPH.

Objetivo: Reconstruir a experiência do Campus Virtual de Saúde Pública (CVSP) de 2012 a 2019 na Colômbia. Métodos: Realizou-se a sistematização da experiência do processo de formação em saúde pública na Colômbia por meio do Campus, referente ao período de 2012 a 2019. As informações são apresentadas em séries transversais de períodos de tempo para mostrar a evolução histórica do CVSP na Colômbia. Resultados: Foram capacitados 2.627 profissionais de saúde em cursos com instrutor e 34.012 em cursos de autoaprendizagem sobre temas relevantes, atuais e prioritários de saúde pública. Destacam-se a oportunidade e o acesso a regiões remotas que o Campus obteve, por meio de processos de formação sem custo para o usuário final. A experiência destaca a relevância do Campus na redução da lacuna de atualização do talento humano da área da saúde, mediante processos de educação virtual com diversidade nas modalidades e ofertas de formação. Conclusões: A reconstrução da experiência da Colômbia mostrou a evolução e o fortalecimento do CVSP para oferecer processos de formação com qualidade, a fim de responder aos problemas e necessidades do país. A consolidação do Campus deve-se ao trabalho colaborativo entre as universidades e a Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde.

Desarrollo profesional permanente en salud por intermedio del Campus Virtual de Salud Pública en Colombia (2012-2019)

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Reconstruir la experiencia del Campus Virtual de Salud Pública (CVSP) desde el año 2012 al 2019 en Colombia. Métodos. Se realizó la sistematización de la experiencia del proceso de formación en salud pública para Colombia, por intermedio del Campus para el periodo de 2012 a 2019. La información se presenta en series transversales de periodos de tiempo para visibilizar la evolución histórica del CVSP en Colombia. Resultados. Se han capacitado 2 627 profesionales de la salud en cursos con tutoría y 34 012 en cursos de autoaprendizaje en temáticas relevantes, actualizadas y prioritarias en salud pública. Se destaca la oportunidad y acceso a regiones remotas que ha tenido el Campus mediante procesos de formación sin costo para el usuario final. La experiencia destaca la relevancia del Campus en la reducción de la brecha de actualización del talento humano en salud, mediante procesos de educación virtual, con diversidad en la modalidad y en la oferta formativa. Conclusiones. La reconstrucción de la experiencia en Colombia mostró la evolución y fortalecimiento del CVSP para ofertar procesos de formación con calidad para responder a los problemas y necesidades del país; la consolidación del Campus se debió al trabajo colaborativo entre las universidades y la Organización Panamericana de la Salud.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. Reconstruct the experience of the Virtual Campus for Public Health (VCPH) from 2012 to 2019 in Colombia. Methods. The experience of public health training through the VCPH in Colombia in the period 2012-2019 was systematized. The information is presented in cross-section time series to show the evolution of the VCPH in Colombia over time. Results. A total of 2 627 health professionals took tutored courses and 34 012 followed self-learning courses on relevant, up-to-date, priority public health issues. An important aspect was the opportunity to access remote regions through VCPH training processes that were cost-free for end users. The experience highlights the relevance of the VCPH in reducing the gap in updated human talent in the health field through virtual education with diversity in its modalities and content. Conclusions. Reconstruction of the experience in Colombia showed how the VCPH evolved and strengthened to offer quality training processes that respond to the country's problems and needs. Collaborative work between universities and the Pan American Health Organization resulted in consolidation of the VCPH.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Reconstruir a experiência do Campus Virtual de Saúde Pública (CVSP) de 2012 a 2019 na Colômbia. Métodos. Realizou-se a sistematização da experiência do processo de formação em saúde pública na Colômbia por meio do Campus, referente ao período de 2012 a 2019. As informações são apresentadas em séries transversais de períodos de tempo para mostrar a evolução histórica do CVSP na Colômbia. Resultados. Foram capacitados 2.627 profissionais de saúde em cursos com instrutor e 34.012 em cursos de autoaprendizagem sobre temas relevantes, atuais e prioritários de saúde pública. Destacam-se a oportunidade e o acesso a regiões remotas que o Campus obteve, por meio de processos de formação sem custo para o usuário final. A experiência destaca a relevância do Campus na redução da lacuna de atualização do talento humano da área da saúde, mediante processos de educação virtual com diversidade nas modalidades e ofertas de formação. Conclusões. A reconstrução da experiência da Colômbia mostrou a evolução e o fortalecimento do CVSP para oferecer processos de formação com qualidade, a fim de responder aos problemas e necessidades do país. A consolidação do Campus deve-se ao trabalho colaborativo entre as universidades e a Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde.

Factores influyentes en el desarrollo de competencias en Ortopedia y Traumatología durante el internado médico / Influential Factors in The Development of Competencies in Orthopedics and Traumatology During the Medical Internship

RESUMEN Introducción: Actualmente la salud es concebida como un derecho fundamental y para garantizarlo se debe propender por una adecuada formación de los profesionales de la salud. El internado rotatorio es la última etapa y la más importante del pregrado en Medicina. Objetivo: Explorar los factores desde la perspectiva de estudiantes y docentes, que influyen en el desarrollo de competencias en la rotación de Ortopedia y Traumatología durante el internado médico. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo con enfoque en teoría fundamentada. Para la recolección de datos se realizó un cuestionario semiestructurado a una muestra aleatoria de 14 participantes, 7 estudiantes y 7 docentes, que cumplían los criterios de inclusión. El análisis se basó en la codificación y categorización de los datos que posteriormente fueron sometidos a un proceso de triangulación para lograr la teorización final. Resultados: Los factores que favorecen el desarrollo de competencias están relacionados con la motivación intrínseca del estudiante, la flexibilidad y disponibilidad de recursos académicos, las características del programa de la rotación y el ambiente de práctica. Se identificaron como factores limitantes aquellos asociados a una formación deficiente en ciencias básicas médicas, la priorización del componente asistencial sobre el académico, la disponibilidad limitada de espacios y recursos de aprendizaje y los métodos de enseñanza tradicionales. Conclusiones: Es de vital importancia la identificación de los factores que favorecen y limitan el desarrollo de las competencias de los estudiantes de medicina en su última etapa de formación en ortopedia.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Few areas of orthopedic surgery have had such important technical changes in recent decades as in corrective spinal surgery. Fundamental changes have come with the new spinal instrumentation systems, which have been substantially modified and improved to facilitate three-dimensional correction of the deformity and provide secure spinal fixation, correction and stability. Objective: To evaluate the results achieved with the spinal instrumentation systems used in the correction of thoracolumbar kyphosis due to ankylosing spondylitis. Methods: A descriptive, retrospective and longitudinal study was carried out on 16 patients with thoracolumbar kyphosis due to ankylosing spondylitis operated on with the pedicle subtraction osteotomy technique and instrumented with Luque-type pedicle and sublaminar systems, in the Orthopedics service at Hermanos Ameijeiras Surgical Clinical Hospital, from March 2001 to March 2021. Results: All the patients were male, white skin color and average age of 39 years. More than 80% correction was achieved in the sagittal profile and an average of 34.3° per osteotomy, without major neurological complications. Good functional results were obtained, with high degree of patient satisfaction and improvement in their quality of life. Conclusions: The use of both spinal instrumentation systems is effective in maintaining the correction of thoracolumbar kyphosis due to ankylosing spondylitis.

La telesalud como estrategia de atención primaria en la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en Colombia / Telehealth as a primary care strategy in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Colombia

Resumen Introducción: la monitorización de pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 es una estrategia costo-efectiva, la cual, con un abordaje integral, disminuye los gastos derivados de la atención. La telesalud es una herramienta enfocada en este propósito. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en describir el uso de la telesalud para el monitoreo de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en Colombia, bajo el marco de la atención primaria. Métodos: se realizó una revisión narrativa mediante la búsqueda en bases de datos (PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Cochrane y EMBASE) y documentos oficiales. Se reunieron 154 documentos y con un análisis de contenido, se seleccionaron 45 artículos y documentos. Resultados: la telesalud es una herramienta útil en el control de pacientes con diabetes. En los estudios revisados se evidencia el potencial de la telesalud en la reducción de los costos y el adecuado control glucémico de esta población. Las herramientas de la tecnología y la comunicación junto con la telesalud, en pacientes diabéticos, podrían favorecer su adecuado autocontrol, beneficiando la disminución de los gastos al sistema de seguridad social. Conclusiones: el uso de la telesalud se presenta como una alternativa para el control glucémico de los pacientes y debe considerarse por parte de los médicos de atención primaria, pues son la puerta de entrada al sistema de salud. Sin embargo, se necesitan más estudios sobre el tema para determinar su beneficio exacto como herramienta para el control de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en Colombia, bajo el marco de la atención primaria en salud.

Summary Introduction: Monitoring in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is a cost-effective strategy, which with a comprehensive approach, reduces the costs of care. Telehealth is an adequate tool focused on this purpose. Objective: To describe the use of telehealth for monitoring type 2 diabetes mellitus in Colombia under the primary care framework. Methods: A narrative review was carried out by searching databases (PubMed, Google Scholar ScienceDirect, Cochrane, and EMBASE) and official documents. In total, 154 documents were collected; subsequently, a content analysis was carried out and 45 articles and documents were selected. Results: Telehealth is a useful tool in the control of patients with diabetes. In the reviewed studies, the potential of telehealth in reducing costs and adequate glycemic control in this population is evidenced. The tools of technology and communication, together with telehealth in diabetic patients, could favor their adequate self-control, reduction the costs to the social security system. Conclusions: The use of telehealth is presented as an alternative for patients with diabetes, which should be considered by primary care physicians who are the gateway to the health system. However, more studies are needed on the subject, to determine accurately the benefit of telehealth as a tool for control of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Colombia, under the framework of primary health care.

Qualitative Analysis of a Teacher's Reflections on Medical Students Using Public Narratives to Promote Health.

A qualitative, inductive content analysis was done to explore a teacher's reflections on the experiences of a team of medical students using public narratives to promote health within a Colombian university. Data were collected from the teacher's written reflective journal and an academic report, the latter, submitted by the medical students. 'Being mobilized' emerged as an overarching category. The experiences were described in three interrelated categories: team involvement, barriers and countering these barriers. In terms of team involvement, students were motivated, committed, connected with people and frustrated. On the other hand, barriers such as doubts and discomfort remarked, and finally these barriers were countered through training, practice and teamwork. As conclusion, the public narrative framework has changed the way medical students think about how to mobilize people for health promotion in a university. Narrative approaches are gaining strength as sources of motivation to support the adoption of healthy behaviors.

Resistencia de la población hacia la vacunación en época de epidemias: a propósito de la COVID-19 / Public Resistance to Vaccination During Epidemics: The Example of COVID-19 / Resistência da população à vacinação em tempos de epidemias: sobre a COVID-19

RESUMEN Objetivo. El presente artículo busca exponer los hallazgos de una revisión de la literatura sobre la resistencia de la población frente a las vacunas y las principales razones que han influido en sus decisiones hacia a la inmunoprevención, con foco en la pandemia de la COVID-19. Métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda en la literatura utilizando los términos DeCs/MeSH, Anti-Vaccination Movement, Vaccination refusal, Epidemics, COVID-19, Impacts on health, relacionados entre ellos por los operadores booleanos OR y AND en Google Scholar, Medline, Lilacs e Ibecs; también se tuvieron en cuenta documentos de fuentes oficiales. Resultados. A lo largo de la historia, desde el inicio de la vacunación, la percepción de las personas hacia este procedimiento ha sido controversial, hay quienes aceptan lo que las autoridades sanitarias recomiendan y quienes alegan intenciones ocultas detrás de la inmunización; la vacuna contra el SARS-CoV-2 causante de la COVID-19 no ha sido la excepción. Conclusiones. La vacunación ha sido uno de los mayores logros científicos en términos de salud pública, un avance que, a pesar de sus beneficios, ha causado miedo, incertidumbre y suspicacias en la población. Por esta razón, resulta importante incrementar las acciones de educación para la salud en la población, con información clara, concisa y comprensible, y sustentada en fuentes confiables y verídicas, con el fin de disminuir la resistencia a la vacunación y evitar las enfermedades prevenibles.

ABSTRACT Objective. This article presents the findings of a review of the literature on public resistance to vaccines and the main factors that have influenced their decisions about immunoprevention, with a focus on the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. We searched the literature using the terms DeCs/MeSH, anti-vaccination movement, vaccination refusal, epidemics, COVID-19, and impacts on health, using the Boolean operators OR and AND in Google Scholar, Medline, Lilacs, and Ibecs. Documents from official sources were also considered. Results. Throughout history, since vaccination began, people have had controversial perceptions of the procedure: some accept what the health authorities recommend, and others allege hidden intentions behind immunization. The COVID-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 has been no exception. Conclusions. Vaccination has been one of the greatest scientific achievements in public health. However, despite its benefits, it has raised fear, uncertainty, and suspicion in the population. For this reason, it is important to increase health education actions in the population—with clear, concise, understandable information that is based on reliable and truthful sources—in order to reduce resistance to vaccination and address preventable diseases.

RESUMO Objetivo. Este artigo busca apresentar os achados de uma revisão da literatura sobre a resistência da população às vacinas e os principais motivos que influenciaram suas decisões em relação à imunoprevenção, com foco na pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos. Foi realizada uma busca na literatura utilizando os termos DeCs/MeSH anti-vaccination movement, vaccination refusal, epidemics, COVID-19 e impacts on health, relacionados entre si pelos operadores booleanos OR e AND, no Google Scholar, MEDLINE, LILACS e IBECS. Documentos de fontes oficiais também foram levados em consideração. Resultados. Ao longo da história, desde o início da vacinação, a percepção das pessoas em relação a esse procedimento foi controversa. Há quem aceite o que as autoridades de saúde recomendam e quem alegue intenções ocultas por trás da imunização. A vacina contra o SARS-CoV-2, que causa a COVID-19, não foi exceção. Conclusões. A vacinação tem sido uma das maiores conquistas científicas em termos de saúde pública - um avanço que, apesar de seus benefícios, tem causado medo, incerteza e desconfiança na população. Por isso, é importante aumentar as ações de educação em saúde para a população, com informações claras, concisas e compreensíveis, baseadas em fontes confiáveis e verídicas, a fim de diminuir a resistência à vacinação e evitar doenças preveníveis.

Desarrollo profesional permanente en salud por intermedio del Campus Virtual de Salud Pública en Colombia (2012-2019) / Permanent professional development in health through the Virtual Campus for Public Health in Colombia (2012-2019) / Desenvolvimento profissional permanente em saúde por meio do Campus Virtual de Saúde Pública na Colômbia (2012-2019)

RESUMEN Objetivo. Reconstruir la experiencia del Campus Virtual de Salud Pública (CVSP) desde el año 2012 al 2019 en Colombia. Métodos. Se realizó la sistematización de la experiencia del proceso de formación en salud pública para Colombia, por intermedio del Campus para el periodo de 2012 a 2019. La información se presenta en series transversales de periodos de tiempo para visibilizar la evolución histórica del CVSP en Colombia. Resultados. Se han capacitado 2 627 profesionales de la salud en cursos con tutoría y 34 012 en cursos de autoaprendizaje en temáticas relevantes, actualizadas y prioritarias en salud pública. Se destaca la oportunidad y acceso a regiones remotas que ha tenido el Campus mediante procesos de formación sin costo para el usuario final. La experiencia destaca la relevancia del Campus en la reducción de la brecha de actualización del talento humano en salud, mediante procesos de educación virtual, con diversidad en la modalidad y en la oferta formativa. Conclusiones. La reconstrucción de la experiencia en Colombia mostró la evolución y fortalecimiento del CVSP para ofertar procesos de formación con calidad para responder a los problemas y necesidades del país; la consolidación del Campus se debió al trabajo colaborativo entre las universidades y la Organización Panamericana de la Salud.

ABSTRACT Objective. Reconstruct the experience of the Virtual Campus for Public Health (VCPH) from 2012 to 2019 in Colombia. Methods. The experience of public health training through the VCPH in Colombia in the period 2012-2019 was systematized. The information is presented in cross-section time series to show the evolution of the VCPH in Colombia over time. Results. A total of 2 627 health professionals took tutored courses and 34 012 followed self-learning courses on relevant, up-to-date, priority public health issues. An important aspect was the opportunity to access remote regions through VCPH training processes that were cost-free for end users. The experience highlights the relevance of the VCPH in reducing the gap in updated human talent in the health field through virtual education with diversity in its modalities and content. Conclusions. Reconstruction of the experience in Colombia showed how the VCPH evolved and strengthened to offer quality training processes that respond to the country's problems and needs. Collaborative work between universities and the Pan American Health Organization resulted in consolidation of the VCPH.

RESUMO Objetivo. Reconstruir a experiência do Campus Virtual de Saúde Pública (CVSP) de 2012 a 2019 na Colômbia. Métodos. Realizou-se a sistematização da experiência do processo de formação em saúde pública na Colômbia por meio do Campus, referente ao período de 2012 a 2019. As informações são apresentadas em séries transversais de períodos de tempo para mostrar a evolução histórica do CVSP na Colômbia. Resultados. Foram capacitados 2.627 profissionais de saúde em cursos com instrutor e 34.012 em cursos de autoaprendizagem sobre temas relevantes, atuais e prioritários de saúde pública. Destacam-se a oportunidade e o acesso a regiões remotas que o Campus obteve, por meio de processos de formação sem custo para o usuário final. A experiência destaca a relevância do Campus na redução da lacuna de atualização do talento humano da área da saúde, mediante processos de educação virtual com diversidade nas modalidades e ofertas de formação. Conclusões. A reconstrução da experiência da Colômbia mostrou a evolução e o fortalecimento do CVSP para oferecer processos de formação com qualidade, a fim de responder aos problemas e necessidades do país. A consolidação do Campus deve-se ao trabalho colaborativo entre as universidades e a Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde.

Enseñanza y aprendizaje de los determinantes sociales en salud en la región de las Américas / Teaching and learning of social determinants in health in the region of the Americas

Introducción: La región de las Américas es considerada como la más desigual del mundo. Los recursos humanos en salud resultan fundamentales para superar estas diferencias mediante el abordaje de los Determinantes Sociales. Objetivo: Revisar los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje de los Determinantes Sociales en programas de ciencias de la salud en la región de las Américas. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura mediante la búsqueda de documentos oficiales y artículos en las bases de datos Web of Science, Clinicalkey, PubMed, Science Direct y Lilacs. Se seleccionaron 68 documentos para su análisis. Resultados: La región de las Américas ha tenido un avance significativo en cuanto a la inclusión de las políticas públicas que actúan sobre los Determinantes y que ayudan a que los recursos humanos en salud se formen con enfoque de atención primaria. Sin embargo, es importante que las facultades de ciencias de la salud de la región profundicen en el conocimiento de estrategias pedagógicas y de investigación, y que faciliten la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de los Determinantes. A su vez, se observan avances en la inclusión de la Educación Interprofesional en la región. Conclusiones: Los programas de ciencias de la salud deben profundizar en la aplicación de estrategias pedagógicas y de investigación, que faciliten la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de los Determinantes, los cuales promueven la reflexión del papel de profesional en la disminución de las inequidades sociales y el mejoramiento en la salud de la población(AU)

Introduction: The region of the Americas is considered as the most unequal in the world. Human resources in health are essential for overcoming these differences, by means of addressing social determinants. Objective: To review the processes of teaching and learning about social determinants in health science programs in the region of the Americas. Methods: A literature review was carried out by searching for official documents and articles in the databases ofWeb of Science, Clinicalkey, PubMed, Science Direct and Lilacs databases. Sixty-eight documents were selected for the analysis. Results: The region of the Americas has made significant progress in terms of including public policies influencing on determinants and helping human resources in health to be trained under a primary care approach. However, it is important thathealth sciences schools in the region deepen their knowledge of pedagogical and research strategies, as well as they facilitate teaching and learning of the determinants. At the same time, progress has been observed regarding the inclusion of interprofessional education in the region. Conclusions: Health sciences programs should deepen the application of pedagogical and research strategies that facilitate teaching and learning of the determinants, which foster reflection about the role of professionals in reducing social inequalities and improving population health(AU)

Abordaje integral del adulto mayor ante diferentes formas de abuso: un acercamiento desde la medicina familiar en Colombia / Comprehensive Approach to the Elderly in the Face of Different Forms of Abuse: Boarding from Family Medicine in Colombia

RESUMEN El envejecimiento poblacional es un tema de gran importancia por su crecimiento rápido y progresivo en los últimos años. Así mismo, con el aumento de la edad crece el grado de dependencia funcional, por consiguiente, mayor probabilidad de maltrato en el adulto mayor; convirtiéndose en un problema social y de salud pública a nivel mundial. El objetivo de este artículo es dar a conocer la importancia del abuso en el adulto mayor, sospecha y reconocimiento oportuno del mismo para realizar un abordaje integral desde la atención primaria. Se realizó una revisión narrativa que incluyó revisiones sistemáticas, revisiones de la literatura, reportes de caso y otros elementos, como noticias locales en Colombia, entre 2015 a 2019. No existe consenso alguno de la definición exacta, sin embargo, la más aceptada es la propuesta por la Organización Mundial de la Salud y la Organización de los Estados Americanos. Se han identificado factores de riesgo individuales, relacionales, socioculturales y comunitarios asociados a la perpetuación de este. Su clasificación está basada en dos grandes grupos: maltrato directo e indirecto. Existen diferentes herramientas de tamización de maltrato en el adulto mayor, dentro de estas la más utilizada es el Elder Abuse Suspicion Index (EASI), y estrategias que ayudan al médico de atención primaria al reconocimiento temprano y abordaje holístico del paciente. Tanto en Colombia como a nivel mundial, el Médico Familiar está en la capacidad de establecer un contacto más cercano con el anciano y su entorno generando un clima de confianza y empatía que permiten al profesional desde la atención primaria la detección temprana y prevención de cualquier tipo de abuso en esta población.

ABSTRACT Population ageing is an important issue due to its rapid and progressive growth in the last years. In addition, with increasing age, the degree of functional dependence increases, and with it, the likelihood of abuse in older adults, becoming a global social and public health problem. The aim of this article is to show the importance of abuse in older adults, and of early suspition and discovery, in order to carry out a comprehensive approach. This narrative review included systematic reviews, literature reviews, case reports, and other elements such as local news in Colombia, from 2015 to 2019. There is no consensus on the exact definition, however, the most accepted is the proposal of the World Health Organization and the Organization of American States. Several risk factors associated with its perpetuation have been identified, including relational, individual, sociocultural, and community factors. The abuse of older adults is classified into five groups: physical, emotional or psychological, economic or financial, sexual abuse, and neglect, the latter also includes abandonment. There are different screening tools for older adult abuse, among which the most used is the Elder Abuse Suspicion Index (EASI), and strategies that help the primary care physician to early recognition and carry out a holistic approach. Both in Colombia and worldwide, the Family Physician can establish closer contact with the older adults and their environment, generating a climate of trust and empathy that helps the primary care professional to early detection and prevention of any kind of abuse in this population.

Description and analysis of primary care-based COVID-19 interventions in Colombia. / Descripción y análisis de las intervenciones fundamentadas en la atención primaria para responder al COVID-19 en Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic was declared in early 2020, requiring different prevention and intervention measures on a large scale. In the case of Colombia, a series of measures focused on isolation and remote services provision were introduced in a context marked by health inequities. This article reviews the theoretical and normative references on primary care interventions in the Colombian response to the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A literature review was conducted in PubMed, LILACS, MEDLINE, and official documents and regulations issued in Colombia, the World Health Organization, and the Pan American Health Organization. A narrative synthesis was done of 33 documents based on their contribution to the implementation of primary care in Colombia and their role in the pandemic. RESULTS: The information was organized into two categories: Actions taken in Colombia in response to COVID-19 and Opportunities in primary care in response to COVID-19. Colombias actions were contrasted with world experience. Better pandemic control was found in countries that adopted primary care as a response. Primary care has strengthened the handling of the pandemic through community action, the provision of coordinated services, mental health inclusion, and the adoption of telemedicine processes. CONCLUSIONS: In Colombia, primary care is presented as an opportunity to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic and the problems and needs derived from this situation. However, despite the above, there is resistance in the country to adopt this type of approach and complement the hospital-centric model to face the pandemic.

INTRODUCCIÓN: A comienzos de 2020 se declaró la pandemia por COVID-19, lo cual requirió adoptar diferentes medidas de prevención e intervención a gran escala. En el caso de Colombia, implicó tomar una serie de medidas enfocadas en aislamiento y prestación de servicios a distancia, en un contexto marcado por las inequidades de salud del país. El presente artículo revisa la literatura disponible sobre las intervenciones fundamentadas en atención primaria para responder al COVID-19 en Colombia. MÉTODOS: Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura en PubMed, LILACS, MEDLINE, así como documentos y normativas oficiales expedidas en Colombia, la Organización Mundial de la Salud y la Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Se realizó una síntesis narrativa de 33 documentos en función de su aporte a la implementación de la atención primaria en Colombia y su papel frente a la pandemia. RESULTADOS: La información se organizó en dos categorías: acciones tomadas en Colombia frente al COVID-19 y oportunidades en atención primaria frente al COVID-19. Se contrastaron las acciones de Colombia con la experiencia mundial, encontrando un mejor control de la situación en países que adoptaron la atención primaria como respuesta. La atención primaria se consolida como el principal mecanismo para enfrentar la pandemia a través de acciones comunitarias, prestación de servicios articulados, inclusión de la salud mental y adopción de procesos de telemedicina. CONCLUSIONES: En Colombia, la atención primaria se presenta como una oportunidad para responder al COVID-19, y a los problemas y necesidades derivados de esta situación. Sin embargo, en el país, a pesar de lo anterior, hay resistencia para adoptar este tipo de enfoque y complementar el modelo hospitalocentrista para enfrentar la pandemia.

Prevención de la conducta suicida en niños y adolescentes en atención primaria / Prevention of suicidal behavior in children and adolescents from primary care

Objetivo: el suicidio es un grave problema de salud pública, con una mayor incidencia en niños y adolescentes. No obstante, es prevenible mediante intervenciones oportunas, por lo cual se considera fundamental encontrar y elegir programas de prevención de suicidio en estos grupos etarios desde la atención primaria en salud. Metodología: se revisó la literatura sobre la prevención del suicidio desde atención primaria en documentos oficiales y artículos en las bases de datos Web of Science, Clinicalkey, PubMed y Science Direct. Se seleccionaron 35 documentos y se organizaron en 4 categorías: familia, entorno, personal de salud y prevención en atención primaria. Resultados: se encontraron programas enfocados en la familia, que ayudan a mejorar la relación padre-hijo e informan a los padres sobre métodos letales y cómo restringir su acceso. Por otro lado, hay documentos en donde se capacita al personal de salud para identificar, diagnosticar y tratar oportunamente las enfermedades mentales o las situaciones que predisponen las conductas suicidas; y así mismo, se interviene a aquellos que están en riesgo o han tenido intentos de suicidio previos. Conclusión: existen múltiples estrategias e intervenciones para reconocer y responder a las señales de advertencia de suicidio. Es importante que el personal de salud de atención primaria identifique y se capacite para el manejo inicial de pacientes con riesgo de suicidio y pueda brindar educación a la red de apoyo del menor sobre las estrategias para afrontar estas conductas..Au

Objective: suicide is a serious public health problem which has a higher incidence in children and adolescents; however, it is preventable through timely interventions; therefore, it is essential to find suicide prevention programs in these age groups from Primary Health Care. Methodology: a review of the literature about suicide prevention from primary care was carried out by searching official documents and articles in the Web of Science, Clinicalkey, PubMed and Science Direct databases. 35 documents were selected and organized into 4 categories: family, environment, health personnel and prevention in primary care. Results: through the review were found family-focused programs that help improve the parent-child relationship and teach parents about lethal practices and how to restrict their access. On the other hand, there are interventions where health personnel are trained to identify, diagnose and timely treat mental illnesses or situations that predispose to suicidal behavior; and likewise, those who are already at risk or have previous suicide attempts are intervened. Conclusion: there are multiple strategies and interventions to recognize and respond to warning signs of suicide. Therefore, it is important that primary care health personnel identify and have the capacity to carry out the initial management of patients at risk of suicide and can provide education to the minor's support network regarding strategies to deal with these behaviors..Au

Aplicaciones móviles para la prevención del suicidio en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes / Suicide prevention mobile applications for adolescents and young adults

El suicidio es un problema de salud pública, responsable de 800 000 muertes por año en el mundo. Múltiples intervenciones, como el uso de aplicaciones móviles, medios digitales o recursos en línea han demostrado resultados prometedores para su prevención. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo realizar una revisión de la literatura sobre la utilidad de las aplicaciones móviles para la prevención del suicidio en la población adolescente y adulta joven, en el contexto de la Atención Primaria de Salud. Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura con el fin de identificar las estrategias para la prevención del suicidio en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes que involucraran las aplicaciones móviles. Se establecieron tres categorías de análisis y síntesis de la información: necesidades de los pacientes con riesgo de suicidio; salud móvil y prevención del suicidio; y limitaciones de las aplicaciones para la prevención del suicidio. La literatura indica que las aplicaciones móviles pueden ser útiles para el manejo de las enfermedades mentales, en conjunto con la terapia convencional(AU)

Suicide is a public health problem causing 800 000 deaths a year worldwide. A large number of interventions, among them mobile applications, digital devices and online resources, have shown promising results for its prevention. The purpose of the study was to conduct a literature review about the usefulness of mobile applications in primary health care to prevent suicide among adolescents and young adults. A bibliographic search was performed to identify mobile application-based suicide prevention strategies aimed at adolescents and young adults. Three information analysis / synthesis categories were established: needs of patients at risk of committing suicide, mobile health and suicide prevention, and limitations of suicide prevention applications. The literature indicates that mobile applications may be useful to manage mental disease, in conjunction with conventional therapy(AU)

Diferencias socioeconómicas presentes en la niñez con repercusiones en la salud en la edad adulta / Socioeconomic differences in children with health impact on adulthood

Objetivo: surge la necesidad de identificar las relaciones existentes entre la inequidad socioeconómica en la primera infancia y las repercusiones en salud en la vida adulta. América Latina es la región con mayor inequidad socioeconómica, lo cual influye en la salud en la primera infancia y genera repercusiones que se manifiestan a lo largo de la vida. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en ClinicalKey, PubMed, SciELO, Google Scholar y Springer. Los criterios de búsqueda y selección fueron realizados a partir del modelo PICOT. Se seleccionaron 27 artículos y documentos oficiales. Resultados: la inequidad socioeconómica que caracteriza a América Latina influye de forma negativa e inevitablemente a las poblaciones más vulnerables como la primera infancia. Asimismo, etapas cruciales como el crecimiento y el neurodesarrollo se ven afectadas cuando no hay condiciones que permitan la estimulación a través del entorno. Además, la primera infancia comprende una etapa crítica en donde el entorno determinará significativamente en el estado de salud en la vida adulta, mediante la presencia de factores de riesgo y la adopción de estilos de vida. Conclusiones: las regiones deben comprender la situación de inequidad socioeconómica de su población y el compromiso que genera en la salud de la primera infancia, con el fin de instaurar reformas sociales que permitan un mejoramiento en las condiciones de vida,vivienda, alimentación, educación, acceso a servicios públicos y asistencia sanitaria..AU

Objective: there is a need to find the relationships between socioeconomic inequality in early childhood and the health impacts on adult life. Latin America is the region with the greatest socioeconomic inequality, which influences health in early childhood and have repercussions that are manifested throughout life. Materials and methods: a bibliographic search was conducted in ClinicalKey, PubMed, SciELO, Google Scholar and Springer. The search and selection criteria were made from the PICOT model. Twenty-five articles and official documents were selected. Results: the socioeconomic inequality that characterizes Latin America injure the most vulnerable populations such as early childhood. Likewise, crucial stages such as growth and neurodevelopment are affected when there are no conditions that allow stimulation through the environment. In addition, early childhood includes a critical stage where the environment will determine significantly in the state of health in adulthood, through the presence of risk factors and the adoption of lifestyles. Conclusions: the regions must understand the situation of socioeconomic inequality of their population and the responsibility that generates in early childhood health, in order to establish social reforms that allow an improvement in living conditions, housing, food, education, access to public services and health care..Au

La salud pública como pilar para la educación de los profesionales de salud en Colombia / Public Health as a Cornerstone for the Education of Health Professionals in Colombia

Introducción: La educación médica en Colombia ha sido un tema ampliamente debatido y que han requerido múltiples cambios. En la actualidad, se encuentran diversas organizaciones a nivel mundial que se encargan de la formulación de recomendaciones para mejorar la educación médica y la atención integral a las personas, con la salud pública como piedra angular del proceso. Objetivo: Identificar la importancia de la Salud Pública en el proceso educativo de los profesionales de la salud colombianos. Desarrollo: El potencial de la educación médica para crear recomendaciones que promuevan la atención integral, la calidad humana y las estrategias para mejorar la salud de la población dentro del proceso, debe ser reconocido desde la importancia de incluir a la salud pública durante el pregrado, lo que prospectivamente le permite al profesional de la salud una adecuada y apropiada preparación para su vida laboral, así como el conocimiento de las necesidades de la población y la posibilidad de anticiparse a estas por medio del uso de la atención primaria de salud. Conclusiones: Con el fin de favorecer los diferentes niveles de prevención, desde la promoción de la salud y las políticas públicas, se disminuyen las brechas de inequidad en salud desde los determinantes sociales en salud. Asimismo, debe existir un equilibrio entre el modelo biomédico tradicional y el enfoque social de las profesiones de la salud, ya que la vida del estudiante promedio de medicina se encuentra, en su mayoría, dentro de un escenario hospitalario, lo que propicia la idea del modelo hospitalocentrista y deja de lado la mirada integral(AU)

Introduction: Medical education in Colombia has been a widely debated topic and has required multiple changes. Currently, several organizations worldwide are responsible for formulating recommendations to improve medical education and comprehensive care for people, being public health the cornerstone of the process. Objective: To identify the importance of public health in the educational process of Colombian health professionals. Development: The potential of medical education to create recommendations that promote comprehensive care, human quality and strategies for improving the health of the population within the process must be recognized based on the importance of including public health during undergraduate formation, which prospectively allows health professional an adequate and appropriate training for their working life, as well as the knowledge of the needs of the population and the possibility of anticipating them through the use of primary health care. Conclusions: In order to favor the different levels of prevention, from the promotion of health and public policies, the inequality gaps in health are reduced based on the social determinants of health. Likewise, there must be a balance between the traditional biomedical model and the social approach of the health professions, since the life of the average medical student is mostly within a hospital setting, which fosters the idea of hospitalocentrist model and set aside the comprehensive perspective(AU)